Village is a beautiful vision of social life and the origin of the first experience of human life history.The simplicity of relations between villagers in one hand and their effort in the field of agricultural products, in other hand have resulted differences in terms of life style between them and the people in cities.Before creation of city, there was village. It means some people gathered together and lived close to each other as neighbourhood, in a distance that you can call each other naturaly, sharing happiness and sadness in their every day’s events; in wedding ceremony or celebration for a new baby and helped each other in the time of crisis.Village is kind of a result of mutual actions between human groups and Space. There is a local relationship between villagers, which is the result of historical mutual actions that makes local and collective memory, then makes collective conscience and intelligence. In fact, the village is resultant of natural and man-made elements (things) that paves the way for inhabitant suitability with his society and makes people to accept their society. In village, there is economical, social and cultural relation between groups and geographical Space. This relationship generates creative unity in the groups and separates this from other groups. Village gathering has spiritual power that dominates the members.When the layers are examined, the sign of regularity in people’s life can be find, and can observe that Rural communities, shrines and villages were constructed before cities, and cache, camps and caves created long before village and before all of them, there had been tendency to "collective life".In fact this can be assumed that the creation of public Spaces have been started from simple settlements in the first society using holy fire to gather around it, and with development of social relation and activities the Spaces such as market, holy places and etc.were created. This article at first will examine the meaning of “public (communal) Spaces”, and at the end the meaning and sample of “public (communal) Spaces” in village or Rural settlement will be presented.

Rural tourism is also considered as a part of tourism that is located in a peripheral economy that not only does not promote Rural and local areas, but also creates environmental and social imbalances in these areas, resulting in very little benefit; and, as a result, this economic activity (Rural Tourism) creates very little benefit for the villagers, and the major benefits and costs return to the mother cities and large cities of the Third World, and ultimately to transnational corporations (Holland et all, 2003). In this regard, paying attention to planning (specially Space planning) becomes necessary. This kind of planning should particularly be considered as an effective approach to the issue of tourism Space organization. On the basis, the present study looks for the Space administration of tourism destination in the Rural areas of Mohammad Abad-Zarrin Gol area (the city of Ali Abad Katoul) as one of the tourism destinations. The methodology of the study is quantitative and its method is descriptive, and the data have been collected through a documentary and field manner. The statistical population included 20 Rural tourism destinations in Mohammad Abad-Zarrin Gol area in Ali Abad Katoul city. It has been used the AHP method for rating factors, the Prometheus method for final score and ranking the destinations, and cluster analysis method for leveling the tourism destinations; as well, to determine the functional area of Rural tourism destinations, GIs point of deflection in the sofware environment has been applied. The results of the study showed that the disproportion in the distribution of Rural tourism destinations in the intended area of the study is one of the important challenges of the Space administration of tourism development of this area.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of Rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on Rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of Rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and Rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of Rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with Rural life (3/58) and Rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of Rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of Rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of Rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, Rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some Rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to Rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of Rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping Spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed Rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  Rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of Rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to Rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of Rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely Rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, Rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in Rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in Rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the Rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of Rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of Rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the Rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Today, Rural development, close connection with structured processes, such as processes of social -economic, physical and biological environment. On the other hand, one of the most important problems in the field of Rural development, problems of structural-functionalis in the settlements. Some of the problems caused by poverty and under development of local and regional, and some is due to environmental problems. One of the solutions in the field of economic and physical development projects such as the Rural hadi Plan. Rural hadi Plan, as most local and most case plan which are linked directly with the Rural and Rural communities. The Rural has been implemented with the aim of enhancing the physical. Present study descriptive method-analytical to assess the effects of Hadi plan the Improve the physical dimensions-Space the quality of life of Rural settlements has of Zanjan province. in the this context, with use of library research and field, data collection has taken place. Toanalyze the data from the tables of descriptive statistics, T-test, and path analysis were used in the this context the software Spss, Ecxel and ARC GIS also contributed taken. Research in dices based on theoretical studies and field research includes physical–Space indicators in the form Land Use, Environment, Transport and Housing. The results show that implementation of hadi plan of physical–Space indicator have been improved with an average of4. In this context, implementation of hadi plan, and a positive relationship with user variables with the value t 15.486, environment with 11.573, housing with 7.125, and is transported with 5.234. Also effect of the separameters on the quality of Rural life, respectively for estimate the amount the total effect of 0.893Transport, Environmental 0.869, 0.781 housing and user is 0.729.Ruralhadi plan to improve performance revising legislation, revising the Locate optimal health applications, administrative, cultural, pay more attention to the condition of the Rural road network and in particular focus on The Rural poor housing plan necessary seem.

Examining systematically the spatial nature of geographic phenomena is an effective approach by the geographers. Towards this, the study of Rural settlements and dwellings, as spatial phenomena, can help tracking and broaden the approach. This article attempt, with reference to affecting factors and forces, to review the structure-functional characteristics of turkman dwellings in Bojnord (North Khorasan), in one hand, and to reveals their role in creating the public Space and the whole landscape of villages, in other hand. The methodology is based on “structural-functional dynamics”, a view in spatial paradigm and the research methodic is an inductive one, based on field observation, using surveying and interview techniques. The results of this paper shows, that the governing structural function dynamics (containing elements and attributes of environmental, cultural, social, economic and ethnic spheres) order systematically all inner relationships within the Rural settlements and thus, evolved and shaped the turkman-dwellings in this region.

Rural Housing as a Basic need of villagers, From the beginning of settlement To the present playes an Important role The living conditions They have and every day Its importance is increasing. The most important element in a Village is that in sustainable development of Rural Attention to Its sustainability it is known the most important principle. The present a paper aim Stability analysis and explanation of the Physical structure – Space Rural Housing of Zanjan Province By using Method of AHP model and software the subset Including EC, EXT_AHP and GIS software has been made. Sustainability Assessment Criteria and indicators Physical – Space Rural Housing of Zanjan In the four stages hierarchically has been done: 1 - Determine the criteria and sub criteria in the stability Physical – Space of Rural Housing. 2 - Determination priority (importance) criteria in the stability Physical – Space of Rural Housing. 3 - Determination of sub Stability analysis Criteria Physical – Space of Rural Housing. 4 - The final analysis the stability Physical – Space of Rural Housing. Research studies Descriptive – analytic And research Applied Approach, it is both quantitatively and qualitatively. For data collection Method Library Studies and The field has been used. Library Studies In the field Collect statistics, documents and theories is done. And field studies As well as survey Order to view the current situation, Data collected in villages, Questionnaires distributed And Interview the statistical population has been. Research findings based on AHP the AHP-GIS software environment indicate the situation Undesirable of Indicators Physical – Space of the Rural Housing Zanjan province Based on the principles has been sustainable Rural development And show 50 percent of the Rural housing In terms of Physical structure – Space in the county Ayjrvd, Mahneshan and Khodabande And 40% Rural housing the county of Zanjan, Khoramdeh, Tarom and abhar has been unstable.

Lack of ranking, as well as a scientific and systematic approach in specifying structure and place-spatial status of the attractive Rural centers and as the result disproportionate distribution of tourism installations and equipments are some of the main and obvious shortages observed in many tourism industry development studies and plans in our country that is tangible (specially in the central part of Boyer-Ahmad County in Kohgilouyeh-Boyer Ahamd Province). The region by having 5 Rural districts and 239 villages enjoys some potentialities in terms of tourism development which have not been actualized because of the lack of a comprehensive study and some other reasons.

This article addresses the debate within geography and the other disciplines studies of Rural development in relationship between environment, Space and development. It revolves around two arguments: first, the relationship between the above three categories which should be seen not only as a question of abstract linkage, but should be considered as a linkage which based on a structural-functional dynamism. second, it is argued that though practically there is an independent practice between the three fields, theoretically they are of a common nature and should be seen as one. These arguments are developed through many-years of experiment in Rural settlements around the country. Finally, the spatiality dimension between environment and development is considered, infact, not only it emphasis in exceetance of relaition ship between these two in the level of specific regions, but it considered as interferer elements in production of Space in different scales. The auther knows that he is convinced in acceptance of this fact which is not simple by the circles practicing “Rural development”, but believes it would be very helpful not to deny the faction.

It is henceforth a commonplace; the science-fiction would be a refractory genre by nature against the definitive assimilation to the literary mainstream. We can say that the usual thematic of the genre, to which is added the irresistible propensity to prospect the future in all its forms, immunizes the SF against the “academic confinement” to the benefit of other forms of confinement. Indeed, the SF belongs to the great family of the paraliterature where the more or less listed subgenres are waiting to receive a likely definition. Popular genre which relies on a remarkable poetic, the SF is an open place to the imagination, to the verbal and the figurative creativity. It owns itself its subgenres, among other things, the Space opera which was, in a way, the original matrix of the speculative fiction and of its contemporary imitators. The Sternberg’s work did not have a special vocation to feed the already rich world of the science-fiction. It constitutes however a new step liable to bring a touch of self-reflexivity, we will notice that, to the history of this genre. French: “Le Navigateur” de Jacques Sternberg ou la phylogenese parodiee du Space opera C’est dorenavant un lieu commun, la science-fiction serait un genre par nature refractaire a l’assimilation definitive au mainstream litteraire. Nous dirons que les thematiques habituelles du genre, auxquelles viennent se meler l’irresistible propension a prospecter l’avenir sous toutes ses formes, immunisent la SF contre “l’enfermement academique” au profit d’un enfermement d’un autre genre. En effet, celle-ci appartient, comme on le sait, a la grande famille de la paralitterature ou se cotoient les sous-genres plus ou moins repertories en attente de recevoir un semblant de definition. Genre populaire s’appuyant sur une poetique singuliere, la SF est un lieu ouvert a l’imagination, a la creativite verbale et figurative. Elle possede elle-meme ses sous-genres, entre autres, le Space opera qui fut en quelque sorte la matrice originelle de la fiction speculative et de ses emules contemporaines. L’oeuvre sternbergienne n’eut guere pour vocation de nourrir le repertoire deja riche de la science-fiction. Elle constitue neanmoins une etape non repertoriee susceptible d’apporter, nous le constaterons, une touche d’auto-reflexivite a l’histoire du genre.Keywords: Jacques Sternberg, Nouvelle, Science-Fiction, Space Opera, Aventure, Fiction Speculative